The Law of Moses

Explore the Ten Commandments

Sixth Word: You shall not murder.

Exodus 20:13 (CJB)

“You are not to murder.”

Cultural Context

In the ancient Near Eastern world, where tribal conflicts, honor killings, and vengeance were common, the commandment “You are not to murder” introduced a crucial moral boundary. While killing in war or capital punishment was often accepted, this law specifically forbade unjust or premeditated killing within the community. Life was seen as sacred because humans were created in the image of God, setting the Israelites apart from surrounding cultures that often treated life as a commodity or a tool for power struggles. This commandment aimed to protect the social fabric by promoting respect for human dignity and justice. It also helped curb cycles of violence by placing limits on personal revenge and encouraging lawful resolution of disputes, which was a significant cultural shift in promoting peace and order within the community.

Christian Understanding

A common misunderstanding of the sixth commandment is that it prohibits all forms of killing, including self-defense, war, or capital punishment. However, the commandment specifically forbids murder, meaning the unlawful, intentional taking of innocent human life. It does not prohibit killing in justifiable circumstances recognized in ancient law, such as defense or judicial execution. Another misconception is that this commandment applies only to physical acts of killing, but its deeper meaning extends to valuing life and promoting peace, respect, and justice within the community. Clarity comes from recognizing that the commandment protects the sacredness of life as created in God’s image and calls the community to uphold dignity and restraint, preventing violence and vengeance from undermining social order.